"-ru" meaning in All languages combined

See -ru on Wiktionary

Suffix [Darumbal]

Head templates: {{head|xgm|suffix|cat2=inflectional suffixes}} -ru
  1. Used to form the ergative/instrumental form of nouns ending in ⟨u⟩ or ⟨l⟩ Tags: morpheme
    Sense id: en--ru-xgm-suffix-r1HkYYda Categories (other): Darumbal entries with incorrect language header, Pages with 5 entries, Pages with entries

Romanization [Japanese]

Head templates: {{head|ja|romanization|head=|sc=Latn}} -ru, {{ja-rom}} -ru
  1. Rōmaji transcription of る Tags: Rōmaji, alt-of, romanization Alternative form of:

Suffix [Old English]

IPA: /ru/
Head templates: {{head|ang|suffix|cat2=|head=|head2=|sort=}} -ru, {{ang-suffix}} -ru
  1. Used to form the nominative/accusative plural of z-stem nouns Tags: morpheme
    Sense id: en--ru-ang-suffix-TKsCKUMZ Categories (other): Old English entries with incorrect language header, Pages with 5 entries, Pages with entries

Pronoun [Sassarese]

Head templates: {{head|sdc|pronoun}} -ru
  1. enclitic form of lu; appended to polysyllabic second-person singular imperative forms Tags: enclitic, form-of Form of: lu (extra: appended to polysyllabic second-person singular imperative forms)

Suffix [Slovak]

IPA: /ru/, [ru]
Head templates: {{head|sk|suffix form}} -ru
  1. accusative singular of -ra Tags: accusative, form-of, morpheme, singular Form of: -ra
    Sense id: en--ru-sk-suffix-7IuS13cZ Categories (other): Pages with 5 entries, Pages with entries, Slovak entries with incorrect language header
{
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        "2": "suffix",
        "cat2": "inflectional suffixes"
      },
      "expansion": "-ru",
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    }
  ],
  "lang": "Darumbal",
  "lang_code": "xgm",
  "pos": "suffix",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Darumbal entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
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          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 5 entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Used to form the ergative/instrumental form of nouns ending in ⟨u⟩ or ⟨l⟩"
      ],
      "id": "en--ru-xgm-suffix-r1HkYYda",
      "tags": [
        "morpheme"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "-ru"
}

{
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      "args": {
        "1": "ja",
        "2": "romanization",
        "head": "",
        "sc": "Latn"
      },
      "expansion": "-ru",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "-ru",
      "name": "ja-rom"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Japanese",
  "lang_code": "ja",
  "pos": "romanization",
  "senses": [
    {
      "alt_of": [
        {
          "word": "る"
        }
      ],
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          "parents": [],
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          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
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          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 5 entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
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        "Rōmaji transcription of る"
      ],
      "id": "en--ru-ja-romanization-YAfSGKdz",
      "links": [
        [
          "Rōmaji",
          "romaji"
        ],
        [
          "る",
          "る#Japanese"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "Rōmaji",
        "alt-of",
        "romanization"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "-ru"
}

{
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          "lang": "English",
          "lang_code": "en",
          "tags": [
            "obsolete"
          ],
          "word": "-er"
        },
        {
          "descendants": [
            {
              "lang": "(Scots",
              "lang_code": "sco",
              "word": "childer"
            },
            {
              "lang": "(Scots",
              "lang_code": "sco",
              "word": "caur"
            }
          ],
          "lang": "(Middle Scots",
          "lang_code": "gmw-msc",
          "word": "childer"
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          "lang_code": "gmw-msc",
          "word": "cair"
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      "lang_code": "enm",
      "word": "-re"
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              "word": "caur"
            }
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          "word": "childer"
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              "word": "childer"
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              "word": "caur"
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          "word": "cair"
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          "lang_code": "en",
          "tags": [
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          "word": "-er"
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              "word": "childer"
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          "word": "childer"
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              "word": "caur"
            }
          ],
          "lang": "(Middle Scots",
          "lang_code": "gmw-msc",
          "word": "cair"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "Middle English",
      "lang_code": "enm",
      "word": "-ere"
    }
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        "2": "suffix",
        "cat2": "",
        "head": "",
        "head2": "",
        "sort": ""
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      "expansion": "-ru",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "-ru",
      "name": "ang-suffix"
    }
  ],
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      "parts": [
        "-ru"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Old English",
  "lang_code": "ang",
  "pos": "suffix",
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          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Old English entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
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          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 5 entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "ċild (“child”) + -ru → ċildru (“children”)",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Used to form the nominative/accusative plural of z-stem nouns"
      ],
      "id": "en--ru-ang-suffix-TKsCKUMZ",
      "tags": [
        "morpheme"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ru/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "-ru"
}

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      "args": {
        "1": "sdc",
        "2": "pronoun"
      },
      "expansion": "-ru",
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  "lang": "Sassarese",
  "lang_code": "sdc",
  "pos": "pron",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Italian links with redundant target parameters",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
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          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 5 entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
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          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
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          "name": "Sassarese entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Sassarese pronouns",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "ciama (“call!”) → ciàmaru (“call him/her/it/them!”)"
        }
      ],
      "form_of": [
        {
          "extra": "appended to polysyllabic second-person singular imperative forms",
          "word": "lu"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "enclitic form of lu; appended to polysyllabic second-person singular imperative forms"
      ],
      "id": "en--ru-sdc-pron-XMKsn46t",
      "links": [
        [
          "enclitic",
          "enclitic"
        ],
        [
          "lu",
          "lu#Sassarese"
        ],
        [
          "polysyllabic",
          "polysyllabic#English"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "enclitic",
        "form-of"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "-ru"
}

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    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sk",
        "2": "suffix form"
      },
      "expansion": "-ru",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Slovak",
  "lang_code": "sk",
  "pos": "suffix",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 5 entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
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          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Slovak entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
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        {
          "word": "-ra"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "accusative singular of -ra"
      ],
      "id": "en--ru-sk-suffix-7IuS13cZ",
      "links": [
        [
          "-ra",
          "-ra#Slovak"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "form-of",
        "morpheme",
        "singular"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ru/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[ru]"
    }
  ],
  "word": "-ru"
}
{
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "xgm",
        "2": "suffix",
        "cat2": "inflectional suffixes"
      },
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  "lang_code": "xgm",
  "pos": "suffix",
  "senses": [
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        "Darumbal inflectional suffixes",
        "Darumbal lemmas",
        "Darumbal suffixes",
        "Pages with 5 entries",
        "Pages with entries"
      ],
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        "Used to form the ergative/instrumental form of nouns ending in ⟨u⟩ or ⟨l⟩"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "morpheme"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "-ru"
}

{
  "head_templates": [
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      "args": {
        "1": "ja",
        "2": "romanization",
        "head": "",
        "sc": "Latn"
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    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "-ru",
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    }
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  "lang_code": "ja",
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        "Japanese romanizations",
        "Japanese terms with non-redundant manual script codes",
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        "Pages with entries"
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          "る",
          "る#Japanese"
        ]
      ],
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        "alt-of",
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      ]
    }
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  "word": "-ru"
}

{
  "descendants": [
    {
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          "lang": "English",
          "lang_code": "en",
          "tags": [
            "obsolete"
          ],
          "word": "-er"
        },
        {
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              "lang": "(Scots",
              "lang_code": "sco",
              "word": "childer"
            },
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              "lang_code": "sco",
              "word": "caur"
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          "lang": "(Middle Scots",
          "lang_code": "gmw-msc",
          "word": "childer"
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              "word": "childer"
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              "word": "caur"
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          "word": "cair"
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              "lang_code": "sco",
              "word": "childer"
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              "word": "caur"
            }
          ],
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          "word": "childer"
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              "word": "caur"
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              "word": "caur"
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          "word": "childer"
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        {
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              "lang_code": "sco",
              "word": "childer"
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              "word": "caur"
            }
          ],
          "lang": "(Middle Scots",
          "lang_code": "gmw-msc",
          "word": "cair"
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      "word": "-ere"
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      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "ċild (“child”) + -ru → ċildru (“children”)",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
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        "Used to form the nominative/accusative plural of z-stem nouns"
      ],
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        "morpheme"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ru/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "-ru"
}

{
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  "pos": "pron",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Italian links with redundant target parameters",
        "Pages with 5 entries",
        "Pages with entries",
        "Sassarese entries with incorrect language header",
        "Sassarese lemmas",
        "Sassarese pronouns"
      ],
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        {
          "text": "ciama (“call!”) → ciàmaru (“call him/her/it/them!”)"
        }
      ],
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        }
      ],
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        "enclitic form of lu; appended to polysyllabic second-person singular imperative forms"
      ],
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        [
          "enclitic",
          "enclitic"
        ],
        [
          "lu",
          "lu#Sassarese"
        ],
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          "polysyllabic#English"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "enclitic",
        "form-of"
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  "word": "-ru"
}

{
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      "expansion": "-ru",
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  ],
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  "lang_code": "sk",
  "pos": "suffix",
  "senses": [
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        "Pages with 5 entries",
        "Pages with entries",
        "Slovak 1-syllable words",
        "Slovak entries with incorrect language header",
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        "Slovak suffix forms",
        "Slovak terms with IPA pronunciation"
      ],
      "form_of": [
        {
          "word": "-ra"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "accusative singular of -ra"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "-ra",
          "-ra#Slovak"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "form-of",
        "morpheme",
        "singular"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ru/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[ru]"
    }
  ],
  "word": "-ru"
}

Download raw JSONL data for -ru meaning in All languages combined (5.0kB)


This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-09-16 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-09-02 using wiktextract (d6fca27 and 65e1673). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.